It can be released and acts as anti-coagulant during blood clotting. Heparin is a GAG that is stored in mast cells and is highly sulfated. ![]() Hyaluronic acid provides the central strand in the larger proteoglycan aggregates. It is found extracellular and is part of the ECM or can be used for shock absorbance in joints. Hyaluronic acid is a GAG that is unsulfated and not bound to proteins. GAGs are negatively charged and are found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) as proteoglycans (many GAGs bound to little protein) together with the fibrous proteins collagen and elastin. GAGs are also named mucopolysaccharides and they consist of repeating disaccharide units of mostly glucuronic acid (or iduronic acid) and an amino sugar. This fructose is trapped in the liver by fructokinase and fructose 1-P is formed.Īldose reductase and glucokinase trap glucose in the liver cell (sorbitol and glucose 6P) at high blood glucose concentration.] Sorbitol dehydrogenase forms fructose from sorbitol. The liver contains as follow-up the enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase which is not found in the lens or nerve endings or kidney. Aldose reductase in the liver forms sorbitol at high glucose levels. ![]() [note: Sorbitol formation is wanted in hepatocytes after a carbohydrate-rich meal. Aldose reductase has a large Km for glucose and acts at high intracellular glucose levels. This reaction is minute at normal glucose concentrations in these cells but is increased at elevated blood glucose levels. High concentrations of serum glucose as found in diabetic patients, leads in the lens, nerve endings and kidney to accumulation of the sugar alcohol sorbitol, formed by aldose reductase from glucose.
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